Final Paper two; Irony of Dark Creation in Frankenstein
Chelsea Simpson
English
February 2009
Irony of Dark Creation in Frankenstein
Intertextuality can be described as various relationships that a given text may have within other works of literature. There are several styles of intertexuality that can be placed within writings which include “anagram, allusion, adaptation, translation, parody, pastiche, [and] imitation.” Authors include these separate writings into their own usually to convey a significant message or emphasize a point. Intertexuality aids the reader in understanding the meaning of the work.
Mary Shelly, the author of the 1818 gothic novel Frankenstein, uses intertexualitywhen she references a quote from Paradise Lost. Paradise Lost was and still is an especially famous series of writings that were published in the mid 1600’s. The author of the twelve books was a man named John Milton. Milton’s series was based around the biblical reference to Adam and Eve, as well as God the father and Satan. Shelley quotes early on in the novel, “Not only does the meaning of this quote relate to the general idea of Frankenstein; but if one goes back and reads the lines of Paradise Lost (book ten; lines 720-786) where this particular quote was found, the reader would see many common traits to Paradise Lost as well as the novel Frankenstein. Although many view Paradise as a blissful place, in this particular part of Paradise Lost, Milton changes the mood of happiness to the unexpected theme of darkness which is carried out in book ten. This biblical version of Adam and Eve shows the creation process does in fact have flaws. Shelley borrows the irony of dark creation in Paradise Lost and uses it in Frankenstein. Thus, one could conclude that Shelley takes creation which many think of as a joyful time, and changes it to something dismal while also adding death to reinstate the predominate theme of darkness throughout the novel. The first reference to Paradise Lost in Frankenstein is revealed in the beginning of the novel, thus introducing the reader to the dual-concepts of creation. On the title page, Shelley quotes an excerpt from Paradise Lost: “Did I request thee, Maker, from my clay to mold me man? Did I solicit thee from darkness to Promote Me?”(-Paradise Lost [X.74-75]). This quote generates sympathy for not only Adam; Gods creation, but also for the Monster that was the creation of Viktor Frankenstein. Though one may not pay a great deal of attention to this quote at first, creation is a chief theme in the novel. The theme dark creation is demonstrated throughout Frankenstein. In this version of creation, Victor plays the role of God because he too creates life. In chapter five, after Victor spends nearly two years perfecting his creature it finally comes to life and quotes;Did I request thee, Maker, from my clay to mold me man? Did I solicit thee from darkness to Promote Me?”
“It was already one in the morning; the rain pattered dismally against the panes, and my candle was nearly burnt out, when, by the glimmer of the half extinguishes light, I was the dull yellow eye of the creature open’ it was breathed hard, and convulsive motion agitated limbs.”
At this point the reader begins to feel a darkness created within the monster but also begins to question Victor. Unlike in the story of the creation of Man, Victor abandons the life he created as soon as the Monster is able to draw his first breath. Victor feels very disgusted with what he has created and rushes out of the room and leaves. The irony in this is that because Victor did leave the monster, he only knows to kill (page 60).
Another version of this irony is when Shelley takes the theme of dark creation and blames dark creation for death. One quote in particular from Paradise Lost (book ten) which may catch the readers eye is, “Why am I mocked with death, and lengthened out to deathless pain?” Although Shelley did not include this quote in her novel, it sounds very much like something either Frankenstein or the Monster would say. Death is tragically common theme in Frankenstein, whether it was natural or caused by the hands of the Monster. Victor could play the role of God as well as Adam from Paradise Lost, because in Paradise Lost, Adam is the one who is mocked with death because there shouldn’t be death in Paradise. Victor Frankenstein is especially tormented and mocked with death, as it was by his hands the creature was created and it was the creature that was killing members of Victor’s family. Right after Victor creates the monster he quotes;
The porter opened the gates of the court, which had that night been my asylum, and I issued into the streets, pacing them with quick steps, as if I sought to avoid the wrench whom I feared every turning of the street would present to my view.”At this point in the novel, Victor begins to realize that he created a monster which he now fears. Victor is mocked with death in a sense that because he did not educate him or provide him with knowledge, the monster murders two member of Victors family to get back at Victor. In chapter seven, William (Victors youngest brother) is murdered. Victor returns home and he believes that the monster killed William; however, Justine (a young girl that was adopted into the Frankenstein family) is accused of the murder. Justine is convicted and dies. These two incidents do mock death towards Victor because he created the monster which lacked knowledge therefore leaving the monster to kill to his beloved members of Victors family. Thus, Victor is to blame for the murders because he created the monster. Victor could play the role of God as well as Adam from Paradise lost, because in Paradise Lost Adam is the one who is mocked with death. Adam is mocked with death because in the particular quote he is saying As you can see in Frankenstein, the themes of death as well as dangerous knowledge parallel each other in a very dark way.
The theme of darkness is prominent throughout both Frankenstein and Paradise Lost. After reading parts of Paradise Lost, book ten, one could clearly see that the passage is overwhelmed with darkness. Milton uses words such as misery, death, horrid, dreadful, and gloom to express emotion. Going back to the original quote; “Did I request thee, Maker, from my clay to mold me man? Did I solicit thee from darkness to Promote Me,” the word darkness is also stated in the above quote. The word darkness in this quotation is particularly relevant in both Frankenstein and Paradise Lost book ten because of the of dark creation which causes death. My interpretation is that the irony in Frankenstein is not about horror in the novel, its about dark creation itself. Though psychological horror is relevant in Frankenstein, its brought up in the form of dark creation. Though the monster may be the one looked at as being a very dark creature, Victor is actually the one who portrays a very dark image. He is the creator for the monster, therefore he is to blame for not nurturing his creation which leads the monster to kill. Thus, Shelley’s usage of Paradise Lost may classify as intertexual adaptation. In Frankenstein, Shelley incorporates the general ideas and principles from Paradise Lost as well as creates her own vision of Paradise Lost in the novel.








